Modified fluctuation-dissipation and Einstein relation at nonequilibrium steady states

Starting from the pioneeringwork ofAgarwal [G. S.Agarwal, Zeitschrift f¨ur Physik 252, 25 (1972)], we present a unified derivation of a number of modified fluctuation-dissipation relations (MFDR) that relate response to small perturbations around nonequilibrium steady states to steady-state correlations. Using this formalism we show the equivalence of velocity forms ofMFDR derived using continuum Langevin and discrete master equation dynamics. The resulting additive correction to the Einstein relation is exemplified using a flashing ratchet model of molecular motors.