Aspects of 17th century binding medium: inclusions in Rembrandt’s Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp

During the recent restoration of Rembrandt’s Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp minuscule crater-like holes, which cover the surface of the painting, were studied. Whitish material within the holes was identified as lead chloride hydroxide and a variety of lead soaps. These inclusions, which in many cases protrude through the paint, are thought to have formed as a result of the agglomeration of lead compounds and saponification of the linseed oil within the ground layer. Possible scenarios for the origin of the chloride are discussed.