Incorporation and optical activation of erbium in silicon using molecular beam epitaxy

Erbium is incorporated in crystalline silicon during molecular beam epitaxy on Si(100) at 600 °C, either in vacuum (6x 10^-11 mbar) or in an O₂ ambient (4x 10^-10 mbar). Strong Er segregation takes place during growth in vacuum, and only 23% of the total deposited Er is incorporated in the epitaxial layer. Films grown in an O₂ ambient show no Er segregation, and an Er concentration of I.5 x 10¹⁹ Er/cm³ is incorporated in the crystal. The O content is 4×10¹⁹ O/cm³. Photoluminescence spectra taken at 10 K show the characteristic intra-4ƒ luminescence of Er³⁺ at 1.54 µm for both samples, grown with and without O₂. Differences found in the spectral shape indicate a difference in the local environment (presumably O coordination) of Er for the two cases. The O codoped film shows a 7 times higher Er luminescence peak intensity than the film grown without O. This is due to the higher incorporated Er concentration as well as an increased luminescence efficiency (lifetime without O: 0.33 ms. with O: 1.81 ms). The Er excitation efficiency is lower in the O codoped film than in the O-undoped film, which is attributed to the lower minority carrier lifetime in the O-doped material. Thermal annealing of the O codoped film at 1000 °C increases the excitation efficiency and hence the Er luminescence intensity.